5 Nisan’da Biden y\u00f6netimi, \u00f6\u011frenci bor\u00e7lar\u0131nda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc kez \u00f6deme duraklatmay\u0131 uzataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nceki tarihi Amazon \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sendikas\u0131 zaferi gibi, bu \u00f6deme duraklatma karar\u0131, s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin sonucuydu \u2013 bu sefer bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, \u00fclkenin ilk bor\u00e7lular sendikas\u0131 olan Bor\u00e7 Kolektifi taraf\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6\u011frenci bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri bug\u00fcn 1 May\u0131s’ta ba\u015flayacak \u015fekilde ayarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bor\u00e7lular sendikas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi sadece durdurmay\u0131 uzatmakla kalmad\u0131; ayr\u0131ca bizi \u00f6\u011frenci borcunun tamamen kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar yakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Nisan ay\u0131 ortas\u0131nda, Beyaz Saray bas\u0131n sekreteri Jen Psaki, Joe Biden’\u0131n ya durdurmay\u0131 tekrar uzataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da iptali ilan edece\u011fini kamuoyuna duyurdu. Ve daha ge\u00e7en hafta Biden, Kongre Hispanik Grup Toplant\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcyelerine “hepsi olmasa da federal destekli kredileri olanlar\u0131n \u00f6\u011frenci bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 affetmek i\u00e7in se\u00e7enekleri de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fini” s\u00f6yledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nisan ay\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i ve bor\u00e7lu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferler tarihidir ve zamanlamalar\u0131 tesad\u00fcf de\u011fildir. Bu, \u00e7ok \u0131rkl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 kolektif g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yava\u015f ama hatas\u0131z bir \u015fekilde yeniden canland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Finans kapitalizmi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin ve bor\u00e7lu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin potansiyeli nedir? Bor\u00e7lu sendikalar\u0131, hem i\u015fyerinde i\u015f b\u0131rakman\u0131n hem de bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6demekten ka\u00e7\u0131nman\u0131n kredi ve bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinde kald\u0131ra\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fcz oldu\u011funu savunuyorlar. Finans kapitalizmi alt\u0131nda, yoksul, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve orta s\u0131n\u0131f aileler, t\u0131bbi bak\u0131mdan y\u00fcksek \u00f6\u011frenime, bar\u0131nmaya kadar her \u015feyi bor\u00e7la finanse etmeye zorlan\u0131yor. Bu iklimde, toplu olarak kald\u0131ra\u00e7l\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z, t\u0131pk\u0131 eme\u011fimiz gibi bir g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Gelin bu 1 May\u0131s’ta i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ve bor\u00e7lu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ayn\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temelde, bir i\u015f\u00e7i sendikas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc, bireysel olarak patronlar\u0131n\u0131n insaf\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ileri, bir araya getirerek i\u015fyerleri \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 olu\u015fturabilmesidir. Bor\u00e7lular birli\u011finin d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fc de benzerdir. Bireyler olarak, bor\u00e7lular alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (bankalar, ev sahipleri, h\u00fck\u00fcmet, hastaneler, sigortac\u0131lar, mahkemeler, kefalet \u015firketleri) insaf\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak birlikte alacakl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bast\u0131rabiliriz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130ki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7iminin farkl\u0131 hedefleri olsa da tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131na odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde, bor\u00e7lu sendikalar\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131ma veya paran\u0131n nas\u0131l ve kime akt\u0131\u011f\u0131na odaklan\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, i\u015fvereni hedef alarak daha y\u00fcksek \u00fccretler, sosyal haklar ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 talep eder. Bor\u00e7lu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi alacakl\u0131y\u0131 hedef al\u0131r (neoliberalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda bu genellikle devlettir). Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 mali s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131r ve insanlar\u0131n bunlara eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in borca girmesine gerek kalmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, bar\u0131nma ve emeklilik dahil olmak \u00fczere kamu hizmetlerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verilen m\u00fccadelede borcu, kald\u0131ra\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak kullan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kendilerini s\u00f6m\u00fcren sistemi bast\u0131rmak ve bu g\u00fcc\u00fc herkes i\u00e7in sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmeti, herkes i\u00e7in konut, herkes i\u00e7in e\u011fitim talebine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi sa\u011fl\u0131k bor\u00e7lular\u0131ndan, \u00f6\u011frenci bor\u00e7lular\u0131ndan, kirac\u0131lardan daha iyi kim yapabilir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Finans kapitalizmi alt\u0131nda bor\u00e7, bir sosyal tedarik bi\u00e7imi olarak \u00fccretlerin yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, i\u015f\u00e7iler ve bor\u00e7lular (bunlar genelde ayn\u0131 ki\u015filerdir), bor\u00e7lar gelece\u011fin \u00fccretleri oldu\u011fundan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fck demeden kald\u0131ra\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bor\u00e7 ve gelir aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiyi g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131n pandemi te\u015fvik \u00e7eklerini nas\u0131l harcad\u0131klar\u0131na bakmak yeterlidir. New York Merkez Bankas\u0131, ABD hanehalk\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in te\u015fvik \u00f6demesinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. Y\u0131lda 40.000 dolardan az kazanan haneler, \u00e7eklerin y\u00fczde 44’\u00fcn\u00fc borcunu \u00f6demek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rken, 75.000 dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde kazanan haneler i\u00e7in bu oran y\u00fczde 32.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Evrensel temel gelir (UBI) programlar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde yaln\u0131zca bor\u00e7 \u00f6deme plan\u0131 olma riskini ta\u015f\u0131yor. E\u011fitimden hapishanelere kadar her \u015feye olan bor\u00e7lar, orant\u0131s\u0131z bir \u015fekilde yoksul beyaz olmayan insanlar\u0131 etkiliyor; sonu\u00e7 olarak, UBI paras\u0131 muhtemelen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli beyaz olmayan insanlar\u0131n ellerinden kay\u0131p gidecek ve hapis bor\u00e7lar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, \u201cyoksullu\u011fu en agresif \u015fekilde su\u00e7 sayan yarg\u0131n\u0131n kasas\u0131na\u201d ge\u00e7ecek. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, bor\u00e7lu sendikalar\u0131 olmadan, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na \u201cdestek\u201d olarak sunulan \u015fey, alacakl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na bir hediye olacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Benzer \u015fekilde, temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama \u015feklimizi de\u011fi\u015ftirmezsek, y\u00fckselen bir i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 herhangi bir geni\u015f zafer (\u00f6rne\u011fin 20 dolarl\u0131k asgari \u00fccret), i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in daha iyi ya\u015fam standartlar\u0131 yerine alacakl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n eline daha fazla paran\u0131n akmas\u0131na neden olacakt\u0131r. E\u011fer bar\u0131nma korkun\u00e7 derecede pahal\u0131 kal\u0131rsa, yeterli t\u0131bbi bak\u0131m \u00e7o\u011fu i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bor\u00e7lanmadan eri\u015filemez durumda kal\u0131rsa ve devlet \u00fcniversiteleri bile h\u0131zla artan \u00f6\u011frenim \u00fccreti ve har\u00e7lar talep ederse, o zaman artan \u00fccretler yaln\u0131zca bor\u00e7 \u00f6deme kapasitesinin artmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu nedenle, i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 zorunlu asgari \u00fccret art\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edip kozlar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken, bor\u00e7lu sendikalar\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda kamu taraf\u0131ndan finanse edilen konut, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitim i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edip kozlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ve bor\u00e7lular aras\u0131nda nihai, yap\u0131sal bir ba\u011flant\u0131 daha vard\u0131r. Finansalla\u015fma, bir zamanlar sosyal g\u00fcvenlik a\u011f\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flanan veya s\u00fcbvanse edilen kamu hizmetlerinin (\u00e7o\u011funlukla marjinalle\u015ftirilmi\u015f insanlardan al\u0131konulan veya eri\u015filememi\u015f ve hi\u00e7bir zaman ger\u00e7ekten evrensel olmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen) \u00f6zel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere ve bireysel y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bir zamanlar i\u015f\u00e7iler fabrika katlar\u0131n\u0131, bor\u00e7lular alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131rken bug\u00fcn \u015firket hem fabrika hem de banka i\u015flevi g\u00f6r\u00fcr, ayn\u0131 anda hem end\u00fcstriyel hem de finansal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, Target’a (Amerikan perakende market zinciri) her gitti\u011fimde kasiyer bana bir Target kart\u0131 isteyip istemedi\u011fimi soruyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kasiyerlerin m\u00fc\u015fterilere \u015firket kartlar\u0131n\u0131 genellikle \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oranlarda satmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Gap (Amerikan perakende giyim firmas\u0131) kartlar\u0131nda y\u00fczde 21,7’lik bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 faiz oran\u0131na ve borcunu \u00f6deyemeyenler i\u00e7in 27 ila 37 dolar aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7 \u00f6deme \u00fccretine sahip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Target ve Gap, perakendeciler aras\u0131nda yaln\u0131z de\u011fil. Macy’s \u015firketinin, 2019’da elde etti\u011fi 771 milyon dolarl\u0131k kart geliri \u015firketin faaliyet gelirinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. \u015eirketin k\u00e2r modeli iki y\u00f6nl\u00fcd\u00fcr: hem Macy’nin i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ma\u011faza sahiplerinin k\u00e2r\u0131 i\u00e7in giysi satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geleneksel perakende ve hem Macy’nin sahiplerinin hem m\u00fc\u015fterilerin hem de Macy ad\u0131na kartlar\u0131 veren bankalar\u0131n k\u00e2r\u0131 i\u00e7in kart satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 finansalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f perakende.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arketipik end\u00fcstriyel kapitalist firmalarda bile (\u00f6rne\u011fin otomobil \u00fcreticileri) finansalla\u015fmaya do\u011fru bir kayma g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. General Motors’un finansal hizmetler kolu General Motors Kabul \u015eirketi (GMAC), m\u00fc\u015fterilerin yeni ve kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 finanse etmekten kendi bayilerine ve ipotek piyasas\u0131na bor\u00e7 vermeye kadar m\u00fcdahildi. 2000’lerin ortas\u0131ndaki kriz s\u0131ras\u0131nda nakde s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan General Motors, 2006’da GMAC’\u0131 bir \u00f6zel sermaye \u015firketine satt\u0131 ve 2008’de hala iflastan kurtulamad\u0131. Ancak bu, \u015firketin finansalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015f modeli \u00fczerine tekrar bahis oynamaktan ve sat\u0131n almaktan cayd\u0131rmad\u0131 (2010\u2019da sonradan GM Financial olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan AmeriCredit\u2019in al\u0131nmas\u0131). 2021’de GM Financial’\u0131n net geliri y\u00fczde 89 artarak 3,8 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok firma hem bor\u00e7 para vererek hem de mal \u00fcreterek para kazan\u0131yor. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, patronlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu \u00fcretimden de\u011fil krediden geldi\u011finden, i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fczerinde eskisine g\u00f6re daha az g\u00fcce sahiptir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lu sendikalar\u0131 uyum i\u00e7inde \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011finde, finansalla\u015fma i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeni bir kald\u0131ra\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fc haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, 2019’da Michigan, Indiana ve Ohio’da yo\u011funla\u015fan elli tesiste \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda bir GM grevi g\u00f6rd\u00fck. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler baz\u0131 taleplerini kazand\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. \u015eimdi t\u00fcm GM bor\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n – yeni ve kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 GM arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla finanse edenlerin – bir bor\u00e7lular sendikas\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin talepleriyle dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde otomobil kredisi \u00f6demelerini durduklar\u0131n\u0131 hayal edin. Bu, \u015firket \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok daha fazla maddi bask\u0131 uygulayacak ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin taleplerini g\u00f6rmezden gelmeyi \u00e7ok daha zor hale getirecektir. Finans, art\u0131k i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir g\u00fcce sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikincil bir k\u00e2r ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu da bizi Amazon’a geri getiriyor. Biz Amazon i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin sendikala\u015fma m\u00fccadelesini desteklerken, Amazon’un bir de\u011fil tam d\u00f6rt farkl\u0131 kredi kart\u0131 sundu\u011funu da hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. JPMorgan Chase arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yaln\u0131zca Amazon Prime m\u00fc\u015fterilerine verilen kredinin toplam\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 milyar dolar. B\u00fcy\u00fck markalar ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bankalar aras\u0131ndaki bu t\u00fcr kredi kart\u0131 anla\u015fmalar\u0131, \u201cfinansal d\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerden baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc akreditifi a\u00e7an bankaya, y\u0131lda milyarlarca dolar harcayan milyonlarca sad\u0131k m\u00fc\u015fteriden olu\u015fan bir tutsak kitle veriyorlar.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu \u201csad\u0131k m\u00fc\u015fterilerin\u201d sendikal\u0131 oldu\u011funu hayal edin. Sadece kendi kredi s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden m\u00fczakere etmekle veya Amazon’u her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00f6ne itmek i\u00e7in bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 bask\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak kullanmakla kalmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda sendikala\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin taleplerini desteklemek i\u00e7in de g\u00fc\u00e7lerini kullanabilirler. Hatta, bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kombinasyon, \u015firketi bir i\u015f\u00e7i-bor\u00e7lu devralmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131z b\u0131rakabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ve bu – Amazon’un sosyalizasyonu – i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve bor\u00e7lular\u0131n bu 1 May\u0131s’ta hayal etmeleri ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeleri i\u00e7in de\u011ferli bir ufuk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n